The Best English Reading Paragraphs. Part - 9 - A-Z English Learning Website

Engaging in English reading paragraphs is essential for language development and comprehension skills.
Improving English comprehension paragraphs helps individuals grasp complex ideas and enhances their overall understanding of the language.
Diverse reading comprehension passages offer varied content, enabling readers to explore different topics and expand their knowledge.
Practice with a specific paragraph for reading practice contributes to honing one’s ability to extract information efficiently.
Regular exposure to reading comprehension paragraphs is vital for academic and professional success, fostering critical thinking and analytical skills.
The importance of reading paragraph lies in its role as a fundamental building block for effective communication and information processing.
Consistent reading paragraph practice is recommended for those aiming to enhance their reading speed and comprehension accuracy.
For individuals preparing for language proficiency exams like IELTS, mastering IELTS reading paragraphs is crucial for success.
Reading a paragraph in English daily is a simple yet effective habit to develop and maintain language proficiency.
Emphasizing the importance of reading paragraph in educational settings contributes to a well-rounded academic experience.
The cumulative effect of dedicated practice with english reading paragraphs results in improved language skills and a broader intellectual horizon.

Scientists have learned more about the way cancer spreads from one place in the body to another. Once it spreads, it gets more difficult to treat.

Cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell growth. Traditional thinking is that cells simply break off the main cancer, travel through the blood and grow in other organs.

But the new findings suggest there is more to this process. Researchers found that cells from the main tumor send out messengers. These prepare the new organ for a secondary tumor.

It works this way. The primary tumor releases proteins called growth factors into the blood. They signal cells at the target organ to produce a sticky protein, called fibronectin. Fibronectin attaches to the surface of bone marrow cells. The result is a kind of landing area for cancer to arrive and grow into a secondary tumor.

The bone marrow cells help make vessels for blood to pass through and feed the cancer cells. The researchers believe that without the bone marrow cells, the tumors could not land on the new organ and grow.

Scientists from Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, led the research. The study appeared in the publication Nature. It involved laboratory mice. The researchers killed off bone marrow cells in the animals and replaced them with special new ones. The bone marrow cells were brightly colored, so the researchers could observe them. The mice were then injected with lung cancer cells.

The researchers were surprised when the bone marrow cells reached the lungs days before any cancer cells. They found that the bone marrow cells arrived to prepare the lungs for the cancer to spread. Other tests led to similar findings.

The researchers believe they would find the same results in humans. They say knowledge of the process could lead to new ways to fight cancer.

Cancers can be caused by genetic or environmental conditions, or a combination. There are estimates that about one-third of cancer deaths could be prevented if people took better care of themselves. That includes better diet, exercise and no smoking.

Researchers recently studied the causes of the seven million cancer deaths worldwide in two thousand one. They linked nine avoidable risks to almost two and one-half million of them. The study led by Harvard researchers in the United States appeared in the Lancet.

VOCABULARY

Word	Synonyms	Antonyms	Meaning	Example
Cancer	Carcinoma, Neoplasm, Malignancy	Health, Wellness, Vitality	A disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth	Scientists conducted research to understand how cancer spreads within the body, with the hope of improving treatment strategies.
Spread	Disseminate, Diffuse, Propagate	Contain, Restrict, Confine	To extend or distribute over an area or space	Once cancer spreads, it becomes more challenging to treat, emphasizing the need for early detection and intervention.
Uncontrolled	Unregulated, Unrestrained	Controlled, Regulated, Restrained	Not subject to regulation or restraint	Cancer is defined by uncontrolled cell growth, making it a complex and challenging disease to manage.
Messengers	Couriers, Agents, Emissaries	Receivers, Recipients, Addressees	Individuals or substances that carry and deliver information	The study revealed that cells from the primary tumor act as messengers, sending signals to prepare the new organ for secondary tumor growth.
Proteins	Polypeptides, Amino acids	Carbohydrates, Fats, Sugars	Large molecules composed of amino acids, essential for cell function	The primary tumor releases proteins, known as growth factors, into the blood to initiate the process of preparing the target organ for secondary tumor formation.
Growth Factors	Cytokines, Hormones, Stimulants	Inhibitors, Suppressors, Retardants	Substances that stimulate cell growth and division	Growth factors released by the primary tumor play a crucial role in signaling cells at the target organ to produce fibronectin.
Fibronectin	Adhesive protein, Connective tissue	Non-adhesive substance, Disconnection	A sticky protein that plays a role in cell adhesion and migration	Fibronectin attaches to the surface of bone marrow cells, creating a landing area for cancer cells to establish a secondary tumor.
Secondary Tumor	Metastatic growth, Subsequent neoplasm	Primary tumor, Initial growth	An additional cancerous growth resulting from the spread of cancer cells	The researchers observed the formation of secondary tumors in laboratory mice, providing insights into the metastatic process.
Landing Area	Docking site, Arrival space	Departure zone, Takeoff area	A designated space for arrival or placement	Fibronectin creates a landing area on bone marrow cells, facilitating the arrival and growth of cancer cells in the new organ.
Vessels	Blood vessels, Capillaries, Arteries	Non-vascular tissues, Ducts, Tubes	Tubes or channels that transport blood or other fluids	Bone marrow cells contribute to the formation of vessels, allowing blood to pass through and nourish the cancer cells in the secondary tumor.
Observing	Monitoring, Watching, Examining	Ignoring, Neglecting, Overlooking	Actively paying attention to and studying	The researchers observed the movement of bone marrow cells in laboratory mice to understand their role in the preparation of new organs for cancer metastasis.
Injected	Administered, Infused, Introduced	Extracted, Removed, Withdrawn	Introducing a substance into the body using a needle or syringe	The mice were injected with lung cancer cells to simulate the process of cancer spreading within the body.
Prepare	Ready, Organize, Arrange	Neglect, Disorganize, Disarrange	To make ready or set in order for a particular purpose	Bone marrow cells play a crucial role in preparing the target organ for the arrival and growth of cancer cells, as observed in the study.
Surprised	Astonished, Amazed, Startled	Unmoved, Unaffected, Unfazed	Experiencing unexpected or unforeseen events or outcomes	The researchers were surprised to discover that bone marrow cells reached the lungs days before the arrival of cancer cells, revealing a previously unknown aspect of the metastatic process.
Results	Findings, Outcomes, Conclusions	Beginnings, Origins, Start	The outcomes or conclusions of a particular study or experiment	The study’s results suggested that bone marrow cells play a crucial role in the early stages of cancer metastasis, impacting the formation of secondary tumors.
Humans	Homo sapiens, Mankind, People	Animals, Non-humans, Inhumans	Members of the species Homo sapiens	The researchers believe that the findings in laboratory mice would yield similar results in humans, providing valuable insights into the metastatic process in human cancer patients.
Knowledge	Understanding, Awareness, Insight	Ignorance, Unawareness, Incomprehension	Familiarity or awareness gained through study or experience	The knowledge gained from this research could lead to new strategies and approaches in the fight against cancer, potentially improving treatment outcomes.
Genetic Conditions	Inherited traits, Hereditary factors	Environmental influences, External factors	Characteristics or traits passed down through genes	Cancers can result from genetic or environmental conditions, highlighting the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors in cancer development.
Estimates	Approximations, Calculations, Predictions	Certainties, Exact values, Precisions	Rough calculations or predictions based on available information	Estimates suggest that a significant percentage of cancer deaths could be prevented through lifestyle changes such as a healthier diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking.
Avoidable Risks	Preventable dangers, Mitigable hazards	Unavoidable dangers, Inevitable risks	Risks or dangers that can be minimized or eliminated	The study linked nine avoidable risks to a large portion of cancer deaths, emphasizing the potential for preventive measures to reduce the global burden of the disease.

The Best English Reading Paragraphs. Part – 9

VOCABULARY

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